@rollup/plugin-commonjs 28.0.2: In @rollup/plugin-commonjs v28, strictRequires defaults to true, wrapping CommonJS modules in function closures so that conditional requires execute lazily rather than eagerly at bundle load time, and circular dependencies resolve in-progress exports.

# Rollup CommonJS Plugin Module Wrapping and Lazy Execution Semantics

## Search Result
`search_known_solution` returned existing samples `sha256:7d74520bd3cbe8b4027fdaefc8257db0bff3f5ebbd8644dd0d7d9f76b692bcdb` (covering `transformMixedEsModules`), `sha256:6bd9e4aeb00bbe86cb0245f6c6955ae8ec7421dba24da3b8401f6307646e0ad8` (covering `output.interop` with external dependencies), and `sha256:0f0a334613ed1e80698698742c1c0c7560186235330f4dee0a2daaa6025e2bf2` (covering `.cjs` extension handling). This sample demonstrates a distinct trap: the default `strictRequires: true` behavior in major version 28, function wrapping closures, and execution timing for conditional and circular CommonJS dependencies.

## Naive Model Assumption
A developer or coding model assumes that Rollup processes CommonJS modules by statically hoisting all `require()` statements to the top level of the bundle (like ES module static imports). Under this assumption, all bundled CommonJS modules execute their top-level code and side effects immediately upon bundle import, even if a `require()` was placed inside an exported function or conditional branch.

## Failure Mode
It fails silently with a green build: Rollup compiles without errors or warnings, but code expecting eager top-level side effects from bundled CommonJS dependencies does not run until the wrapping function is explicitly called. Conversely, disabling strict requires (`strictRequires: false`) silently breaks circular CommonJS dependencies by returning `undefined` for intermediate exports during cyclic module evaluation.

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        "@rollup/rollup-win32-arm64-msvc": "4.34.8",
        "@rollup/rollup-win32-ia32-msvc": "4.34.8",
        "@rollup/rollup-win32-x64-msvc": "4.34.8",
        "fsevents": "~2.3.2"
      }
    },
    "node_modules/rollup/node_modules/@types/estree": {
      "version": "1.0.6",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/estree/-/estree-1.0.6.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-AYnb1nQyY49te+VRAVgmzfcgjYS91mY5P0TKUDCLEM+gNnA+3T6rWITXRLYCpahpqSQbN5cE+gHpnPyXjHWxcw==",
      "license": "MIT"
    }
  }
}

{
  "name": "npm-rollup-plugin-commonjs-v28",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "type": "module",
  "scripts": {
    "test": "node test/contract.mjs"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "@rollup/plugin-commonjs": "28.0.2",
    "rollup": "4.34.8"
  }
}

import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
import { rollup } from 'rollup';
import commonjs from '@rollup/plugin-commonjs';
import fs from 'node:fs';

async function runContract() {
  const fileEntry = 'test/entry.cjs';
  const fileEager = 'test/eager-feature.cjs';
  const fileLazy = 'test/lazy-feature.cjs';

  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Contract Line 1 (Core Finding):
  // @rollup/plugin-commonjs v28 defaults strictRequires to true.
  // CommonJS modules required inside functions or conditional blocks are wrapped
  // in lazy function closures, preventing side effects from executing at bundle import.
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  const lazyPlugin = {
    name: 'virtual-lazy-modules',
    resolveId(id) {
      if (id === 'test/entry.cjs' || id === fileEntry) return fileEntry;
      if (id === './eager-feature.cjs' || id === fileEager) return fileEager;
      if (id === './lazy-feature.cjs' || id === fileLazy) return fileLazy;
    },
    load(id) {
      if (id === fileEntry) {
        return `
const eager = require('./eager-feature.cjs');

function getLazyFeature() {
  return require('./lazy-feature.cjs');
}

module.exports = { eager, getLazyFeature };
`;
      }
      if (id === fileEager) {
        return `
globalThis.__executionTrail = globalThis.__executionTrail || [];
globalThis.__executionTrail.push('eager-evaluated');
module.exports = { type: 'eager' };
`;
      }
      if (id === fileLazy) {
        return `
globalThis.__executionTrail = globalThis.__executionTrail || [];
globalThis.__executionTrail.push('lazy-evaluated');
module.exports = { type: 'lazy' };
`;
      }
    }
  };

  // Build with default options (strictRequires: true in v28)
  const defaultBundle = await rollup({
    input: fileEntry,
    plugins: [lazyPlugin, commonjs()],
    onwarn: () => {}
  });

  const { output: defaultOutput } = await defaultBundle.generate({ format: 'es' });
  const defaultCode = defaultOutput[0].code;

  // The generated code must contain wrapped require functions for lazy modules
  assert.match(
    defaultCode,
    /function requireLazyFeature\s*\(\)/,
    'lazy module is wrapped in a function closure under default strictRequires'
  );

  // Evaluate default bundle
  globalThis.__executionTrail = [];
  const tmpDefaultUri = new URL('./tmp-contract-default.mjs', import.meta.url);
  fs.writeFileSync(tmpDefaultUri, defaultCode);
  const defaultMod = (await import(tmpDefaultUri.href)).default;
  fs.unlinkSync(tmpDefaultUri);

  // At bundle import time, eager-feature ran, but lazy-feature has NOT run yet
  assert.deepEqual(
    globalThis.__executionTrail,
    ['eager-evaluated'],
    'assert @rollup/plugin-commonjs with default strictRequires wraps CommonJS modules in lazy function closures, preventing top-level side effects of conditionally required modules from executing at bundle evaluation time until the function is invoked'
  );

  // Calling getLazyFeature() triggers the lazy execution on demand
  const lazyResult = defaultMod.getLazyFeature();
  assert.equal(lazyResult.type, 'lazy');
  assert.deepEqual(
    globalThis.__executionTrail,
    ['eager-evaluated', 'lazy-evaluated'],
    'lazy module executes on demand when getter function is called'
  );

  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Contract Line 2:
  // strictRequires: false hoists all requires to top-level, executing eagerly.
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  const hoistedBundle = await rollup({
    input: fileEntry,
    plugins: [lazyPlugin, commonjs({ strictRequires: false })],
    onwarn: () => {}
  });

  const { output: hoistedOutput } = await hoistedBundle.generate({ format: 'es' });
  const hoistedCode = hoistedOutput[0].code;

  // No function wrapping for lazy module
  assert.doesNotMatch(
    hoistedCode,
    /function requireLazyFeature/,
    'strictRequires: false eliminates function wrapping closures'
  );

  globalThis.__executionTrail = [];
  const tmpHoistedUri = new URL('./tmp-contract-hoisted.mjs', import.meta.url);
  fs.writeFileSync(tmpHoistedUri, hoistedCode);
  await import(tmpHoistedUri.href);
  fs.unlinkSync(tmpHoistedUri);

  // Under strictRequires: false, both eager AND lazy modules execute immediately on bundle load
  assert.deepEqual(
    globalThis.__executionTrail,
    ['eager-evaluated', 'lazy-evaluated'],
    'assert setting strictRequires: false hoists all CommonJS requires to the bundle top-level, causing side effects of lazy requires to execute immediately upon module evaluation'
  );

  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Contract Line 3:
  // Circular CommonJS dependencies resolve in-progress exports under strictRequires: true,
  // but evaluate as undefined under strictRequires: false due to static hoisting order.
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  const fileCycleEntry = 'test/entry-cycle.cjs';
  const fileCycleA = 'test/cycle-a.cjs';
  const fileCycleB = 'test/cycle-b.cjs';

  const circularPlugin = {
    name: 'virtual-circular-modules',
    resolveId(id) {
      if (id === 'test/entry-cycle.cjs' || id === fileCycleEntry) return fileCycleEntry;
      if (id === './cycle-a.cjs' || id === fileCycleA) return fileCycleA;
      if (id === './cycle-b.cjs' || id === fileCycleB) return fileCycleB;
    },
    load(id) {
      if (id === fileCycleEntry) {
        return `
const a = require('./cycle-a.cjs');
module.exports = { a };
`;
      }
      if (id === fileCycleA) {
        return `
exports.name = 'cycle-a-name';
const b = require('./cycle-b.cjs');
exports.readFromB = () => b.readFromA;
exports.bCapturedFromA = b.readFromA;
`;
      }
      if (id === fileCycleB) {
        return `
const a = require('./cycle-a.cjs');
exports.name = 'cycle-b-name';
exports.readFromA = a.name;
`;
      }
    }
  };

  // Build circular modules with strictRequires: true (default)
  const circularStrictBundle = await rollup({
    input: fileCycleEntry,
    plugins: [circularPlugin, commonjs({ strictRequires: true })],
    onwarn: () => {}
  });
  const { output: circularStrictOutput } = await circularStrictBundle.generate({ format: 'es' });
  const tmpCycleStrictUri = new URL('./tmp-cycle-strict.mjs', import.meta.url);
  fs.writeFileSync(tmpCycleStrictUri, circularStrictOutput[0].code);
  const cycleStrictMod = (await import(tmpCycleStrictUri.href)).default;
  fs.unlinkSync(tmpCycleStrictUri);

  // In strictRequires: true, cycle-b successfully captured cycle-a's intermediate exports.name
  assert.equal(
    cycleStrictMod.a.bCapturedFromA,
    'cycle-a-name',
    'assert strictRequires: true resolves circular CommonJS dependencies at runtime by providing the in-progress exports object, whereas strictRequires: false leaves circular references uninitialized as undefined'
  );

  // Build circular modules with strictRequires: false
  const circularFalseBundle = await rollup({
    input: fileCycleEntry,
    plugins: [circularPlugin, commonjs({ strictRequires: false })],
    onwarn: () => {}
  });
  const { output: circularFalseOutput } = await circularFalseBundle.generate({ format: 'es' });
  const tmpCycleFalseUri = new URL('./tmp-cycle-false.mjs', import.meta.url);
  fs.writeFileSync(tmpCycleFalseUri, circularFalseOutput[0].code);
  const cycleFalseMod = (await import(tmpCycleFalseUri.href)).default;
  fs.unlinkSync(tmpCycleFalseUri);

  // In strictRequires: false, cycle-b was evaluated before cycle-a assigned exports.name, giving undefined
  assert.equal(
    cycleFalseMod.a.bCapturedFromA,
    undefined,
    'Under strictRequires: false circular dependency reads uninitialized undefined'
  );

  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Contract Line 4:
  // strictRequires accepts picomatch glob patterns to selectively wrap only targeted circular modules.
  // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  const selectiveBundle = await rollup({
    input: fileEntry,
    plugins: [lazyPlugin, commonjs({ strictRequires: ['**/lazy-feature.cjs'] })],
    onwarn: () => {}
  });
  const { output: selectiveOutput } = await selectiveBundle.generate({ format: 'es' });
  const selectiveCode = selectiveOutput[0].code;

  // lazy-feature is wrapped in a function closure, eager-feature is hoisted without wrapping
  assert.match(selectiveCode, /function requireLazyFeature\s*\(\)/);
  assert.doesNotMatch(
    selectiveCode,
    /function requireEagerFeature\s*\(\)/,
    'assert strictRequires accepts picomatch glob patterns to selectively wrap only targeted circular modules while hoisting all other CommonJS files'
  );

  console.log('All contract assertions passed successfully.');
}

runContract().catch((err) => {
  console.error('Contract failed:', err);
  process.exit(1);
});